磨盘柿可溶性固形物的可见/近红外漫反射光谱无损检测

研究可见/近红外漫反射光谱技术快速检测磨盘柿可溶性固形物的方法。在可见/近红外光谱区域(570～1848nm),对比分析不同数学建模算法、不同导数处理方法和不同散射及标准化处理的果实可溶性固形物定标模型。结果表明：应用改进偏最小二乘回归算法、一阶导处理和去散射处理所建果实可溶性固形物定标模型的预测性能较优,其定标交互验证相关系数(Rcv)和预测相关系数(Rp2)分别为0.8076和0.8085,定标交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.4546°Brix和0.4482°Brix。这表明,可见/近红外漫反射技术对磨盘柿可溶性固形物的快速无损检测具有可行性。     

球等鞭金藻多糖的微波萃取工艺

采用微波法,通过单因素试验研究pH值、微波功率、萃取温度和萃取时间对球等鞭金藻多糖提取的影响。在此基础上,通过正交试验进一步优化多糖的微波提取工艺。最后,比较微波提取法和热水浸提法制备的球等鞭金藻多糖样品的红外光谱,并测定样品中蛋白质和多糖含量。单因素试验结果表明,pH值、微波功率、萃取温度和萃取时间均能显著影响球等鞭金藻多糖的提取。正交试验结果表明,微波法提取球等鞭金藻多糖的最佳工艺为pH9、微波功率600W、萃取温度90℃、萃取时间20min。微波提取法和热水浸提法制备的多糖产率分别为96.8mg/g和47.7mg/g。其中,前者蛋白质和多糖含量分别为1.08%和43.6%,后者中蛋白质和多糖含量依次为1.18%和22.1%。微波法与热水浸提法制备的多糖具有相似的红外光谱,表明微波提取法并不会破坏多糖结构。综上所述,在球等鞭金藻多糖提取过程中,微波法明显优于热水浸提法。     

酪蛋白糖巨肽通过树突细胞发挥免疫调节作用的初步研究

研究用酪蛋白糖巨肽(CGMP)刺激体外培养的小鼠骨髓源树突细胞,观察CGMP对树突细胞成熟的影响,初步探讨CGMP作为功能性食品对免疫的调节作用。实验选用6～8周雄性C57BL/6小鼠,分离培养小鼠骨髓细胞,用重组小鼠白细胞介素-4 (rmIL-4)、重组小鼠粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rmGM-CSF)诱导其分化,在培养的第6天,分别加入RPMI1640完全培养基作为空白对照, 脂多糖(LPS)为阳性对照和0.1、1、10μg/mL的CGMP 3个实验剂量。培养至第8天收集细胞,进行三色荧光标记,用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志：CD11c、CD80、CD86、MHC-Ⅱ。另一方面将第8天的树突状细胞(DCs)和T淋巴细胞共孵育进行混合淋巴细胞反应,96h后用Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8)检测T淋巴细胞的增殖。结果表明：3个剂量的CGMP均具有刺激DCs成熟的作用,其中CGMP为1μg/mL时,DCs的各种成熟标志均达到最高水平,其中,CGMP对MHC-Ⅱ的刺激作用最为强烈,而MHC-Ⅱ在DCs对外源抗原的提呈中发挥重要作用;混合淋巴细胞反应结果显示各个不同浓度CGMP作用的DCs均具有不同程度的刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力,并且DCs:T为1:10时T淋巴细胞的增殖作用最明显。     

白背三七多糖的分离纯化

采用D315弱碱性阴离子交换树脂和Sephadex G-25凝胶柱层析,从白背三七叶粗多糖中分离纯化得到中性多糖GDPs-1、GDPs-2及酸性多糖GDPs-3 3个多糖组分。经高效凝胶色谱测定,重均分子质量分别为：1.06×104、4.17×103D和3.74×103D;纯度分别为94.08%、92.3%和99.8%。红外光谱证明3种多糖均含有多糖类特征吸收峰,初步推测GDPs-1中α和β构型并存,GDPs-2和GDPs-3为α构型;核磁共振结果进一步证实3种多糖中均只含有α构型。     

雅致放射毛霉和运动发酵单胞菌混合发酵霉豆渣研究

研究雅致放射毛霉和运动发酵单胞菌混合发酵霉豆渣的条件,并在最优发酵条件下测定产品的pH值、氨基态氮含量、总粗蛋白含量及质构在发酵过程中的变化。通过正交试验确定霉豆渣发酵的最优条件为：豆渣蒸煮15min后,在100g豆渣中接入105CFU/mL雅致放射毛霉孢子悬液1.0mL及107CFU/mL运动发酵单胞菌悬液0.2mL,28℃培养3d。在发酵过程中,霉豆渣的pH值从5.12上升至8.40后缓慢下降至8.09;氨基态氮含量则先迅速上升后缓慢下降;总粗蛋白含量逐渐下降。发酵过程使霉豆渣的硬度和咀嚼性明显提高。     

Transformation of methane into synthesis gas using the redox property of Ce-Fe mixed oxides: Effect of calcination temperature

Ce-Fe mixed oxides prepared by co-precipitation were used as oxygen carriers for converting methane into synthesis gas through gas-solid reactions. The structural evolution and reducibility of Ce-Fe oxygen carriers with calcination temperatures from 600 to 900 °C were investigated by XRD, BET, Raman, XPS and TPR techniques and correlated to their activity for methane selective oxidation. The Ce-Fe mixed oxides calcined at low temperatures (e.g., 600 °C) show abundant oxygen vacancies and high specific surface areas, which enhances the concentration of surface adsorbed oxygen and favors the complete oxidation of methane by means of gas-solid reactions. On the other hand, a calcination temperature of 900 °C results in serious sintering and militates against the formation of Ce-Fe solid solution, which brings about catalytic methane decomposition because of the low lattice oxygen mobility. A compromise calcination temperature at 800 °C favors the interaction between iron and cerium oxides, which could improve the lattice oxygen mobility of Ce-Fe oxygen carrier, leading to a high reactivity for methane selective oxidation. More importantly, the lattice oxygen mobility of the oxygen carrier is enhanced by the generation of oxygen vacancies after a repetitive redox treatment (methane reduction/air re-oxidation), which allows the Ce-Fe oxygen carrier to maintain a high activity and stability during the successive production of synthesis gas through a redox process.     

鼓泡流化床风帽压力信号的频谱分析

在鼓泡流化床冷态试验台上,采集不同风帽入口的压力信号.基于Matlab软件,利用自相关函数的傅里叶变换对采集的信号进行频谱分析,得到信号主频的分布范围以及对应的功率谱密度,分析了不同静床高和不同表观气速下布风板中心、边壁风帽的压力波动特性.结果表明:风帽入口压力信号的频谱变化与静床高和表观气速的变化密切相关,且压力波动信号的主频集中在0～10 Hz的范围,可为风帽压力信号的测点布置和采样频率的设置提供参考.     

一种SSDF攻击检测的证据理论合作频谱感知算法

现有的基于证据理论的合作频谱感知认为所有认知用户都是诚实的,没有考虑恶意用户的存在。当恶意用户篡改本地感知的结果,发送错误的数据到数据融合中心,将会降低合作频谱感知的性能,这种攻击称为频谱感知数据篡改（spectrum sensing data falsification,SSDF）攻击。由于恶意用户发送的证据与其它认知用户的证据存在差别,本文使用Jousselme距离来衡量证据的可信度,提出一种SSDF攻击检测算法。数据融合中心接收所有认知用户的证据,让可信度低的证据不参与融合判决,可信度高的证据根据可信度进行加权融合。仿真结果表明,所提出的SSDF攻击检测算法在恶意用户发起SSDF攻击时可以很好的改善频谱感知性能。      

基于压缩感知的线谱对参数降维量化算法

为实现高质量的极低速语音编码,提出一种基于压缩感知理论的线谱对(LSP)参数降维量化算法。编码端利用压缩感知理论对超帧LSP高维矢量进行降维处理,将原始LSP参数投影到低维空间,得到低维测量值,然后采用分裂矢量量化算法对测量值进行量化;解码端以量化后的测量值为已知条件,利用正交匹配追踪算法重构出原始LSP高维矢量。实验结果表明,本算法相对低速语音编码中的矩阵量化方案,平均谱失真降低了0.23dB,相对基于DCT变换的降维量化方案,平均谱失真降低了0.13dB。这种先降维再量化的思想可以大幅减少编码所需的比特数及码本存储复杂度,有效降低语音编码速率,并且合成语音可懂度、自然度较高,音质虽有所失真,但基本上感觉不到明显的听觉质量下降。      

Influence of nanofluids on mixed convective heat transfer over a horizontal backward‐facing step

Predictions are reported for laminar mixed convection using various types of nanofluids over a horizontal backward‐facing step in a duct, in which the upstream wall and the step are considered adiabatic surfaces, while the downstream wall from the step is heated to a uniform temperature that is higher than the inlet fluid temperature. The straight wall that forms the other side of the duct is maintained at constant temperature equivalent to the inlet fluid temperature. Eight different types of nanoparticles, Au, Ag, Al₂O₃, Cu, CuO, diamond, SiO₂, and TiO₂, with 5% volume fraction are used. The conservation equations along with the boundary conditions are solved using the finite volume method. Results presented in this paper are for a step height of 4.9 mm and an expansion ratio of 1.942, while the total length in the downstream of the step is 0.5 m. The Reynolds number is in the range of 75 ≤ Re ≤ 225. The downstream wall was fixed at a uniform wall temperature in the range of 0 ≤ ΔT ≤ 30 °C which is higher than the inlet flow temperature. Results reveal that there is a primary recirculation region for all nanofluids behind the step. It is noticed that nanofluids without secondary recirculation region have a higher Nusselt number and it increases with Prandtl number decrement. On the other hand, nanofluids with secondary recirculation regions are found to have a lower Nusselt number. Diamond nanofluid has the highest Nusselt number in the primary recirculation region, while SiO₂ nanofluid has the highest Nusselt number downstream of the primary recirculation region. The skin friction coefficient increases as the temperature difference increases and the Reynolds number decreases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20344